Author(s):
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Bjerregaard, B.K.; Raaschou-Nielsen, O.; Sorensen, M.; Frederiksen, K.; Tjonneland, A.; Rohrmann, S.; Linseisen, J.; Bergman, M.M.; Boeing, H.; Sieri, S.; Palli, D.; Tumino, R.; Sacerdote, C.; Bueno-De-Mesquita, H.B.;
Buchner, F.L.
; Gram, I.T.; Braaten, T.; Lund, E.; Hallmans, G.; Agren, A.; Riboli, E.
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Subject:
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EBP 1: Determinants in Health and Disease UMCN 1.5: Interventional oncology |
Former Organization:
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Epidemiology, Biostatistics & HTA
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Abstract:
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OBJECTIVE: Most studies on tobacco smoking have focused on daily-smokers. Occasional smokers, who have never smoked daily, have often been included in the reference group of never-smokers. We have investigated the association between occasional smoking and cancer of the bladder, kidney, pancreas, upper aero-digestive tract and lung. METHODS: The study population consisted of 158,488 persons, who provided information on occasional smoking, within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 780 of whom developed a smoking-related cancer. We used Cox proportional hazard model, stratified by gender and country to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for smoking-related cancers. RESULTS: The results suggest that occasional smokers have a higher risk of bladder cancer (IRR: 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-3.98) and of the major smoking-related cancers combined (IRR: 1.24, 95% CI 0.80-1.94) than true never-smokers. Including occasional smokers in the reference group resulted in a lower risk estimate for former and current smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Occasional smoking should be discouraged.
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