Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Previously, we have shown the involvement of cellular communication network factor 4/Wnt-activated protein Wnt-1-induced signaling protein 1 (CCN4/WISP1) in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage and its detrimental effects on cartilage. Here, we investigated characteristics of CCN4 in chondrocyte biology by exploring correlations of CCN4 with genes expressed in human OA cartilage with functional follow-up. DESIGN: Spearman correlation analysis was performed for genes correlating with CCN4 using our previously established RNA sequencing dataset of human preserved OA cartilage of the RAAK study, followed by a pathway enrichment analysis for genes with ρ ≥|0.6.| Chondrocyte migration in the absence or presence of CCN4 was determined in a scratch assay, measuring scratch size using a live cell imager for up to 36 h. Changes in expression levels of 12 genes, correlating with CCN4 and involved in migratory processes, were determined with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: Correlation of CCN4 with ρ ≥|0.6| was found for 58 genes in preserved human OA cartilage. Pathway analysis revealed "neural crest cell migration" as most significant enriched pathway, containing among others CORO1C, SEMA3C, and SMO. Addition of CCN4 to primary chondrocytes significantly enhance chondrocyte migration as demonstrated by reduced scratch size over the course of 36 h, but at the timepoints measured no effect was observed on mRNA expression of the 12 genes. CONCLUSION: CCN4 increases cell migration of human primary OA chondrocytes. Since WISP1 expression is known to be increased in OA cartilage, this may serve to direct chondrocytes toward cartilage defects and orchestrate repair.
