Abstract
Harmful behavior such as smoking may reflect a disturbance in the balance of goaldirected
and habitual control. Animal models suggest that habitual control develops after prolonged
substance use. In this study, we investigated whether smokers (N = 49) differ from controls
(N = 46) in the regulation of goal-directed and habitual behavior. It was also investigated whether
individual differences in nicotine dependence levels were associated with habitual responding.
