Using Theory of Mind to assess users' sense of agency in social chatbots

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Title:	Using Theory of Mind to assess users' sense of agency in social chatbots
Author(s):	Heyselaar, E.S. ; Bosse, T.
Publication year:	2020
In:	Folstad, A.; Araujo, T.; Papadopoulos, S. (ed.), Conversations 2019: Chatbot Research and Design, pp. 158-169
Publisher:	Cham : Springer
ISBN:	9783030395407
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39540-7_11
Annotation:	Conversations 2019: International Workshop on Chatbot Research and Design (Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 19-20 November 2019)
Publication type:	Article in monograph or in proceedings
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : https://hdl.handle.net/2066/212501
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Editor(s):	Folstad, A.; Araujo, T.; Papadopoulos, S.; Law, E.L.C.; Granmo, O.C.; Luger, E.; Brandtzaeg, P.B.
Subject:	Communication and Media
Organization:	SW OZ BSI CW
Book title:	Folstad, A.; Araujo, T.; Papadopoulos, S. (ed.), Conversations 2019: Chatbot Research and Design
Page start:	p. 158
Page end:	p. 169
Abstract:	The technological advancements in the field of chatbot research is booming. Despite this, it is still difficult to assess which social characteristics a chatbot needs to have for the user to interact with it as if it had a mind of its own. Review studies have highlighted that the main cause is the low number of research papers dedicated to this question, and the lack of a consistent protocol within the papers that do address it. In the current paper, we suggest the use of a Theory of Mind task to measure the implicit social behaviour users exhibit towards a text-based chatbot. We present preliminary findings suggesting that participants adapt towards this basic chatbot significantly more than when they conduct the task alone (p < .017). This task is quick to administer and does not require a second chatbot for comparison, making it an efficient universal task. With it, a database could be built with scores of all existing chatbots, allowing fast and efficient meta-analyses to discover which characteristics make the chatbot appear more 'human'.
Languages used:	English (eng)