The Effect of Weight and CYP3A5 Genotype on the Population Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Stable Paediatric Renal Transplant Recipients

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in paediatric patients at least 1 year after renal transplantation and simulate individualised dosage regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 54 children with median age of 11.1 years (range 3.8-18.4 years) with 120 pharmacokinetic profiles performed over 2 to 4 h. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the non-linear mixed-effects modelling software (NONMEM((R))). The impact of covariates including concomitant medications, age, the cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP3A5*3 gene and the adenosine triphosphate binding cassette protein B1 (ABCB1) 3435 C-->T gene polymorphism on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics was analysed. The final model was externally validated on an independent dataset and dosing regimens were simulated. RESULTS: A two-compartment model adequately described tacrolimus pharmacokinetics. Apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was associated with weight (allometric scaling) but not age. Children with lower weight and CYP3A5 expressers required higher weight-normalised tacrolimus doses. CL/F was inversely associated with haematocrit (P < 0.05) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT) (P < 0.001) and was increased by 45 % in carriers of the CYP3A5*1 allele (P < 0.001). CL/F was not associated with concomitant medications. Dose simulations show that a daily tacrolimus dose of 0.2 mg/kg generates a pre-dose concentration (C 0) ranging from 5 to 10 microg/L depending on the weight and CYP3A5 polymorphism. The median area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) corresponding with a tacrolimus C 0 of 4-8 microg/L was 97 h.microg/L (interquartile range 80-120). CONCLUSIONS: In patients beyond the first year after transplantation, there is a cumulative effect of CYP3A5*1 polymorphism and weight on the tacrolimus C 0. Children with lower weight and carriers of the CYP3A5*1 allele have higher weight-normalised tacrolimus dose requirements.