TFR2-related haemochromatosis in the Netherlands: a cause of arthralgia in young adulthood

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Type 3 hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) is a rare iron overload disorder caused by variants in the transferrin 2 receptor (TFR2) gene. We aim to present characteristics of patients diagnosed with TFR2-HH in the Netherlands, in order to increase knowledge and awareness of this disease. METHODS: We collected clinical, biochemical and genetic data from four patients from three families diagnosed with HH type 3 in the Netherlands between 2009 and 2016. RESULTS: Three women and one man diagnosed with HH type 3 presented with arthralgia and elevated ferritin levels and transferrin saturation (TSAT) at ages 25-41 years. The hepcidin/ferritin ratio as measured in three patients was low. Liver iron content in two patients as assessed by MRI or liver biopsy was highly increased (250 and 362.7 mumol iron/g dry weight, respectively, reference < 35 mumol/g). DNA analysis revealed four different TFR2 pathogenic variants: one nonsense, one splicing and two missense variants, of which three are novel. Phlebotomy decreased the serum iron parameters but did not relieve the arthralgia. CONCLUSION: In patients with a combination of elevated TSAT and ferritin in the absence of anaemia, and after exclusion of HFE-related HH, rare forms of HH should be considered. In these cases, presentation with arthralgia in young adulthood, low hepcidin/ferritin ratio and/or liver iron content > 100 mumol/g form an indication for analysis of the TFR2 gene. Although type 3 HH is extremely rare, awareness of the disease among physicians is important in order to achieve an early diagnosis and prevent complications, such as liver damage.