TY - JOUR AU - Piray, P. AU - Ly, V. AU - Roelofs, K. AU - Cools, R. AU - Toni, I. PY - 2019 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/201745 AB - Learning and decision-making are modulated by socio-emotional processing and such modulation is implicated in clinically-relevant personality traits of social anxiety. The present study elucidates the computational and neural mechanisms by which emotionally aversive cues disrupt learning in socially anxious human individuals. Healthy volunteers with low or high trait social anxiety performed a reversal learning task requiring learning actions in response to angry or happy face cues. Choice data were best captured by a computational model in which learning rate was adjusted according to the history of surprises. High trait socially anxious individuals employed a less dynamic strategy for adjusting their learning rate in trials started with angry face cues and unlike the low social anxiety group, their dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activity did not covary with the learning rate. Our results demonstrate that trait social anxiety is accompanied by disruption of optimal learning and dACC activity in threatening situations. Significance statement: Social anxiety is known to influence a broad range of cognitive functions. This study tests whether and how social anxiety affects human value-based learning as a function of uncertainty in the learning environment. The findings indicate that, in a threatening context evoked by an angry face, socially anxious individuals fail to benefit from a stable learning environment with highly predictable stimulus-response-outcome associations. Under those circumstances, socially anxious individuals failed to use their dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a region known to adjust learning rate to environmental uncertainty. These findings open the way to modify neurobiological mechanisms of maladaptive learning in anxiety and depressive disorders. TI - Emotionally aversive cues suppress neural systems underlying optimal learning in socially anxious individuals EP - 1456 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 8 SP - 1445 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 39 PS - 12 p. DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1394-18.2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Correa, Camile M.C. AU - Noorman, S. AU - Jiang, J. AU - Palminteri, Stefano AU - Cohen, M.X. AU - Lebreton, Mael AU - Gaal, Simon van PY - 2018 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/199023 TI - How the Level of Reward Awareness Changes the Computational and Electrophysiological Signatures of Reinforcement Learning EP - 10348 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 48 SP - 10338 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 38 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0457-18.2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Voogd, L.D. de AU - Kanen, J.W. AU - Neville, D.A. AU - Roelofs, K. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. AU - Hermans, E. PY - 2018 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/195926 AB - Improving extinction learning is essential to optimize psychotherapy for persistent fear-related disorders. In two independent studies (both n=24), we found that goal-directed eye movements activate a dorsal fronto-parietal network and transiently deactivate the amygdala ([graphic1]=.17). Connectivity analyses revealed that this down-regulation potentially engages a ventromedial prefrontal pathway known to be involved in cognitive regulation of emotion. Critically, when eye movements followed memory reactivation during extinction learning, it reduced spontaneous fear recovery 24 hours later ([graphic2]=.21). Stronger amygdala deactivation furthermore predicted a stronger reduction in subsequent fear recovery after reinstatement (r=.39). In conclusion, we show that extinction learning can be improved with a non-invasive eye-movement intervention that triggers a transient suppression of the amygdala. Our finding that another task which taxes working memory leads to a similar amygdala suppression furthermore indicates that this effect is likely not specific to eye movements, which is in line with a large body of behavioral studies. This study contributes to the understanding of a widely used treatment for traumatic symptoms by providing a parsimonious account for how working memory tasks and goal-directed eye movements can enhance extinction-based psychotherapy, namely through neural circuits (e.g., amygdala deactivation) similar to those that support cognitive control of emotion. TI - Eye-movement intervention enhances extinction via amygdala deactivation EP - 8706 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 40 SP - 8694 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 38 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0703-18.2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stallen, M. AU - Rossi, F. AU - Heijne, A. AU - Smidts, A. AU - Dreu, C.K.W. de AU - Sanfey, A.G. PY - 2018 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/190101 AB - People are particularly sensitive to injustice. Accordingly, deeper knowledge regarding the processes that underlie the perception of injustice, and the subsequent decisions to either punish transgressors or compensate victims, is of important social value. By combining a novel decision-making paradigm with functional neuroimaging, we identified specific brain networks that are involved with both the perception of, and response to, social injustice, with reward-related regions preferentially involved in punishment compared with compensation. Developing a computational model of punishment allowed for disentangling the neural mechanisms and psychological motives underlying decisions of whether to punish and, subsequently, of how severely to punish. Results show that the neural mechanisms underlying punishment differ depending on whether one is directly affected by the injustice, or whether one is a third-party observer of a violation occurring to another. Specifically, the anterior insula was involved in decisions to punish following harm, whereas, in third-party scenarios, we found amygdala activity associated with punishment severity. Additionally, we used a pharmacological intervention using oxytocin, and found that oxytocin influenced participants' fairness expectations, and in particular enhanced the frequency of low punishments. Together, these results not only provide more insight into the fundamental brain mechanisms underlying punishment and compensation, but also illustrate the importance of taking an explorative, multimethod approach when unraveling the complex components of everyday decision-making. TI - Neurobiological mechanisms of responding to injustice EP - 2954 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 12 SP - 2944 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 38 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1242-17.2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Meijs, E.L. AU - Slagter, H.A. AU - Lange, F.P. de AU - Gaal, S. van PY - 2018 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/190062 AB - It is well known that top-down expectations affect perceptual processes. Yet, remarkably little is known about the relationship between expectations and conscious awareness. We address three crucial outstanding questions: (1) how do expectations affect the likelihood of conscious stimulus perception?; (2) does the brain register violations of expectations nonconsciously?; and (3) do expectations need to be conscious to influence perceptual decisions? Using human participants, we performed three experiments in which we manipulated stimulus predictability within the attentional blink paradigm, while combining visual psychophysics with electrophysiological recordings. We found that valid stimulus expectations increase the likelihood of conscious access of stimuli. Furthermore, our findings suggest a clear dissociation in the interaction between expectations and consciousness: conscious awareness seems crucial for the implementation of top–down expectations, but not for the generation of bottom-up stimulus-evoked prediction errors. These results constrain and update influential theories about the role of consciousness in the predictive brain TI - Dynamic interactions between top-down expectations and conscious awareness EP - 2327 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 9 SP - 2318 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 38 PS - 10 p. DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1952-17.2017 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Klumpers, F. AU - Kroes, M.C.W. AU - Baas, J. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2017 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/176769 AB - The ability to adaptively regulate responses to the proximity of potential danger is critical to survival and imbalance in this system may contribute to psychopathology. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is implicated in defensive responding during uncertain threat anticipation whereas the amygdala may drive responding upon more acute danger. This functional dissociation between the BNST and amygdala is however controversial, and human evidence scarce. Here we utilized data from two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (N=108 males & N=70 (45 females)) to probe how coordination between the BNST and amygdala may regulate responses during shock anticipation and actual shock confrontation. In a subset of participants from sample 2 (N=48) we demonstrate that anticipation and confrontation evoke bradycardic and tachycardic responses respectively. Further, we show that in each sample when going from shock anticipation to the moment of shock confrontation neural activity shifted from a region anatomically consistent with the BNST towards the amygdala. Comparisons of functional connectivity during threat processing showed overlapping yet also consistently divergent functional connectivity profiles for the BNST and amygdala. Finally, childhood maltreatment levels predicted amygdala, but not BNST, hyperactivity during shock anticipation. Our results support an evolutionary conserved, defensive distance-dependent dynamic balance between BNST and amygdala activity. Shifts in this balance may enable shifts in defensive reactions via the demonstrated differential functional connectivity. Our results indicate that early life stress may tip the neural balance towards acute threat responding and via that route predispose for affective disorder. TI - How human amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis may drive distinct defensive responses EP - 9656 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 40 SP - 9645 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 37 PS - 12 p. DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3830-16.2017 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Weber, K.M. AU - Christiansen, M.H. AU - Petersson, K.M. AU - Indefrey, P. AU - Hagoort, P. PY - 2016 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/158692 AB - When learning a new language, we build brain networks to process and represent the acquired words and syntax and integrate these with existing language representations. It is an open question whether the same or different neural mechanisms are involved in learning and processing a novel language compared to the native language(s). Here we investigated the neural repetition effects of repeating known and novel word orders while human subjects were in the early stages of learning a new language. Combining a miniature language with a syntactic priming paradigm, we examined the neural correlates of language learning online using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and posterior temporal cortex the repetition of novel syntactic structures led to repetition enhancement, while repetition of known structures resulted in repetition suppression. Additional verb repetition led to an increase in the syntactic repetition enhancement effect in language-related brain regions. Similarly the repetition of verbs led to repetition enhancement effects in areas related to lexical and semantic processing, an effect that continued to increase in a subset of these regions. Repetition enhancement might reflect a mechanism to build and strengthen a neural network to process novel syntactic structures and lexical items. By contrast, the observed repetition suppression points to overlapping neural mechanisms for native and new language constructions when these have sufficient structural similarities. TI - fMRI syntactic and lexical repetition effects reveal the initial stages of learning a new language EP - 6880 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 26 SP - 6872 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 36 PS - 9 p. DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3180-15.2016 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/158692/158692.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tyborowska, A.B. AU - Volman, I.A.C. AU - Smeekens, S. AU - Toni, I. AU - Roelofs, K. PY - 2016 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/158034 AB - Increased limbic and striatal activation in adolescence has been attributed to a relative delay in the maturation of prefrontal areas, resulting in the increase of impulsive reward-seeking behaviors that are often observed during puberty. However, it remains unclear whether and how this general developmental pattern applies to the control of social emotional actions, a fundamental adult skill refined during adolescence. This domain of control pertains to decisions involving emotional responses. When faced with a social emotional challenge (e.g., an angry face), we can follow automatic response tendencies and avoid the challenge or exert control over those tendencies by selecting an alternative action. Using an fMRI-adapted social approach-avoidance task, this study identifies how the neural regulation of emotional action control changes as a function of human pubertal development in 14-year-old adolescents (n = 47). Pubertal maturation, indexed by testosterone levels, shifted neural regulation of emotional actions from the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus and the amygdala to the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC). Adolescents with more advanced pubertal maturation showed greater aPFC activity when controlling their emotional action tendencies, reproducing the same pattern consistently observed in adults. In contrast, adolescents of the same age, but with less advanced pubertal maturation, showed greater pulvinar and amygdala activity when exerting similarly effective emotional control. These findings qualify how, in the domain of social emotional actions, executive control shifts from subcortical to prefrontal structures during pubertal development. The pulvinar and the amygdala are suggested as the ontogenetic precursors of the mature control system centered on the anterior prefrontal cortex. TI - Testosterone during puberty shifts emotional control from pulvinar to anterior prefrontal cortex EP - 6164 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 23 SP - 6156 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 36 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3874-15.2016 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/158034/158034.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Engelmann, J.B. AU - Meyer, F. AU - Fehr, E. AU - Ruff, C.C. PY - 2015 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140086 TI - Anticipatory anxiety disrupts neural valuation during risky choice EP - 3099 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 7 SP - 3085 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 35 DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2880-14.2015 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/140086/140086.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zimmermann, M. AU - Toni, I. AU - Lange, F.P. de PY - 2013 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/115377 AB - Recent studies have highlighted cognitive and neural similarities between planning and perceiving actions. Given that action planning involves a simulation of potential action plans that depends on the actor's body posture, we reasoned that perceiving actions may also be influenced by one's body posture. Here, we test whether and how this influence occurs by measuring behavioral and cerebral (fMRI) responses in human participants predicting goals of observed actions, while manipulating postural congruency between their own body posture and postures of the observed agents. Behaviorally, predicting action goals is facilitated when the body posture of the observer matches the posture achieved by the observed agent at the end of his action (action's goal posture). Cerebrally, this perceptual postural congruency effect modulates activity in a portion of the left intraparietal sulcus that has previously been shown to be involved in updating neural representations of one's own limb posture during action planning. This intraparietal area showed stronger responses when the goal posture of the observed action did not match the current body posture of the observer. These results add two novel elements to the notion that perceiving actions relies on the same predictive mechanism as planning actions. First, the predictions implemented by this mechanism are based on the current physical configuration of the body. Second, during both action planning and action observation, these predictions pertain to the goal state of the action. TI - Body Posture Modulates Action Perception EP - 5938 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 14 SP - 5930 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 33 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5570-12.2013 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/115377/115377.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pelt, S. van AU - Boomsma, D.I. AU - Fries, P. PY - 2012 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/93934 TI - Magnetoencephalography in twins reveals a strong genetic determination of the peak frequency of visually induced gamma-band synchronization EP - 3392 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 10 SP - 3388 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 32 DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5592-11.2012 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/93934/93934.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Qin, S. AU - Hermans, E.J. AU - Marle, H.J.F. van AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2012 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/110095 AB - Exposure to an acute stressor can lead to unreliable remembrance of intrinsically neutral information, as exemplified by low reliability of eyewitness memories, which stands in contrast with enhanced memory for the stressful incident itself. Stress-sensitive neuromodulators (e.g., catecholamines) are believed to cause this low reliability by altering neurocognitive processes underlying memory formation. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated neural activity during memory formation in 44 young, healthy human participants while incidentally encoding emotionally neutral, complex scenes embedded in either a stressful or neutral context. We recorded event-related pupil dilation responses as an indirect index of phasic noradrenergic activity. Autonomic, endocrine, and psychological measures were acquired to validate stress manipulation. Acute stress during encoding led to a more liberal response bias (more hits and false alarms) when testing memory for the scenes 24 h later. The strength of this bias correlated negatively with pupil dilation responses and positively with stress-induced heart rate increases at encoding. Acute stress, moreover, reduced subsequent memory effects (SMEs; items later remembered vs forgotten) in hippocampus and midbrain, and in pupil dilation responses. The diminished SMEs indicate reduced selectivity and specificity in mnemonic processing during memory formation. This is in line with a model in which stress-induced catecholaminergic hyperactivation alters phasic neuromodulatory signaling in memory-related circuits, resulting in generalized (gist-based) processing at the cost of specificity. Thus, one may speculate that loss of specificity may yield less discrete memory representations at time of encoding, thereby causing a more liberal response bias when probing these memories. TI - Understanding low reliability of memories for neutral information encoded under stress: alterations in memory-related activation in the hippocampus and midbrain. EP - 4041 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 12 SP - 4032 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 32 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3101-11.2012 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/110095/110095.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nuenen, B.F.L. van AU - Helmich, R.C.G. AU - Buenen, N. AU - Warrenburg, B.P.C. van de AU - Bloem, B.R. AU - Toni, I. PY - 2012 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/102387 AB - Compensatory mechanisms are a crucial component of the cerebral changes triggered by neurodegenerative disorders. Identifying such compensatory mechanisms requires at least two complementary approaches: localizing candidate areas using functional imaging, and showing that interference with these areas has behavioral consequences. Building on recent imaging evidence, we use this approach to test whether a visual region in the human occipito-temporal cortex-the extrastriate body area-compensates for altered dorsal premotor activity in Parkinson's disease (PD) during motor-related processes. We separately inhibited the extrastriate body area and dorsal premotor cortex in 11 PD patients and 12 healthy subjects, using continuous theta burst stimulation. Our goal was to test whether these areas are involved in motor compensatory processes. We used motor imagery to isolate a fundamental element of motor planning, namely subjects' ability to incorporate the current state of their body into a motor plan (mental hand rotation). We quantified this ability through a posture congruency effect (i.e., the improvement in subjects' performance when their current body posture is congruent to the imagined movement). Following inhibition of the right extrastriate body area, the posture congruency effect was lost in PD patients, but not in healthy subjects. In contrast, inhibition of the left dorsal premotor cortex reduced the posture congruency effect in healthy subjects, but not in PD patients. These findings suggest that the right extrastriate body area plays a compensatory role in PD by supporting a function that is no longer performed by the dorsal premotor cortex. TI - Compensatory activity in the extrastriate body area of Parkinson's disease patients EP - 9553 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 28 SP - 9546 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 32 PS - 8 p. DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0335-12.2012 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/102387/102387.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Klucharev, V. AU - Munneke, M. AU - Smidts, A. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2011 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/95828 AB - We often change our behavior to conform to real or imagined group pressure. Social influence on our behavior has been extensively studied in social psychology, but its neural mechanisms have remained largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the transient downregulation of the posterior medial frontal cortex by theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces conformity, as indicated by reduced conformal adjustments in line with group opinion. Both the extent and probability of conformal behavioral adjustments decreased significantly relative to a sham and a control stimulation over another brain area. The posterior part of the medial frontal cortex has previously been implicated in behavioral and attitudinal adjustments. Here, we provide the first interventional evidence of its critical role in social influence on human behavior. TI - Downregulation of the posterior medial frontal cortex prevents social conformity EP - 11940 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 33 SP - 11934 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 31 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1869-11.2011 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/95828/95828.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Qin, S. AU - Marle, H.J.F. van AU - Hermans, E.J. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2011 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/98373 AB - Although commonly used, the term memory strength is not well defined in humans. Besides durability, it has been conceptualized by retrieval characteristics, such as subjective confidence associated with retrieval, or objectively, by the amount of information accurately retrieved. Behaviorally, these measures are not necessarily correlated, indicating that distinct neural processes may underlie them. Thus, we aimed at disentangling neural activity at encoding associated with either a subsequent subjective sense of memory strength or with a subsequent objective amount of information remembered. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants were scanned while incidentally encoding a series of photographs of complex scenes. The next day, they underwent two memory tests, quantifying memory strength either subjectively (confidence on remembering the gist of a scene) or objectively (the number of details accurately remembered within a scene). Correlations between these measurements were mutually partialed out in subsequent memory analyses of fMRI data. Results revealed that activation in left ventral lateral prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction predicted subsequent confidence ratings. In contrast, parahippocampal and hippocampal activity predicted the number of details remembered. Our findings suggest that memory strength may reflect a functionally heterogeneous set of (at least two) phenomena. One phenomenon appears related to prefrontal and temporoparietal top-down modulations, resulting in the subjective sense of memory strength that is potentially based on gist memory. The other phenomenon is likely related to medial-temporal binding processes, determining the amount of information accurately encoded into memory. Thus, our study dissociated two distinct phenomena that are usually described as memory strength. TI - Subjective sense of memory strength and the objective amount of information accurately remembered are related to distinct neural correlates at encoding EP - 8927 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 24 SP - 8920 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 31 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2587-10.2011 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/98373/98373.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Buchholz, V.N. AU - Jensen, O. AU - Medendorp, W.P. PY - 2011 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/115497 AB - Single-unit recordings have shown that the brain uses multiple reference frames in spatial processing. The brain could use this neural architecture to implicitly create multiple modes of representation at the population level, with each reference frame weighted as a function of task demands. Using magnetoencephalography, we tested this hypothesis by studying the reference frames in rhythmic neuronal synchronization--a population measure--during tactile remapping for saccades. Human subjects fixated either to the left or right of the body midline, while a tactile stimulus was applied to an invisible fingertip, located either left or right of fixation. After a variable delay, they looked at the remembered stimulus location. Results show a transient body-centered, stimulus-induced gamma-band response (70-90 Hz) in somatosensory areas, contralateral to the stimulated hand. Concurrently, a gamma-band response occurred in posterior parietal cortex (PPC), contralateral to the gaze-centered location of the stimulus, even though the stimulus was not seen. The temporal overlap of these early representations suggests that there is a fast bottom-up sensory-induced remapping in PPC, taking into account the relative positions of eyes and hand. The gaze-centered representation in PPC was sustained in a high gamma range (85-115 Hz) and increased in power closer to the initiation of the saccade. Lower-frequency rhythms (alpha, beta) showed body-centered power modulations in somatosensory areas in anticipation of the stimulus and a mixture of reference frames in PPC after stimulus presentation. We conclude that oscillatory activity reflects the time-varying coding of information in body- and gaze-centered reference frames during tactile remapping for saccades. TI - Multiple reference frames in cortical oscillatory activity during tactile remapping for saccades EP - 16871 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 46 SP - 16864 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 31 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3404-11.2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - van Kesteren, M.T. AU - Rijpkema, M.J.P. AU - Ruiter, D.J. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/89375 TI - Retrieval of associative information congruent with prior knowledge is related to increased medial prefrontal activity and connectivity. EP - 15894 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 47 SP - 15888 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 30 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2674-10.2010 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/89375/89375.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kesteren, M.T.R. van AU - Rijpkema, M.J.P. AU - Ruiter, D.J. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/89374 AB - We remember information that is congruent instead of incongruent with prior knowledge better, but the underlying neural mechanisms related to this enhancement are still relatively unknown. Recently, this memory enhancement due to a prior schema has been suggested to be based on rapid neocortical assimilation of new information, related to optimized encoding and consolidation processes. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is thought to be important in mediating this process, but its role in retrieval of schema-consistent information is still unclear. In this study, we regarded multisensory congruency with prior knowledge as a schema and used this factor to probe retrieval of consolidated memories either consistent or inconsistent with prior knowledge. We conducted a visuotactile learning paradigm in which participants studied visual motifs randomly associated with word-fabric combinations that were either congruent or incongruent with common knowledge. The next day, participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging while their memory was tested. Congruent associations were remembered better than incongruent ones. This behavioral finding was parallelized by stronger retrieval-related activity in and connectivity between medial prefrontal and left somatosensory cortex. Moreover, we found a positive across-subject correlation between the connectivity enhancement and the behavioral congruency effect. These results show that successful retrieval of congruent compared to incongruent visuotactile associations is related to enhanced processing in an mPFC-somatosensory network, and support the hypothesis that new information that fits a preexisting schema is more rapidly assimilated in neocortical networks, a process that may be mediated, at least in part, by the mPFC. TI - Retrieval of associative information congruent with prior knowledge is related to increased medial prefrontal activity and connectivity. EP - 15894 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 47 SP - 15888 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 30 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2674-10.2010 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/89374/89374.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Werf, J. van der AU - Jensen, O. AU - Fries, P. AU - Medendorp, W.P. PY - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/84272 TI - Neuronal Synchronization in Human Posterior Parietal Cortex during Reach Planning EP - 1412 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 4 SP - 1402 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 30 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3448-09.2010 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/84272/84272.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Elswijk, G.A.F. van AU - Maij, F. AU - Schoffelen, J.M. AU - Overeem, S. AU - Stegeman, D.F. AU - Fries, P. PY - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/83668 TI - Corticospinal beta-band synchronization entails rhythmic gain modulation EP - 4488 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 12 SP - 4481 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 30 PS - 8 p. DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2794-09.2010 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/83668/83668.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Henckens, M.J.A.G. AU - Wingen, G.A. van AU - Joëls, M. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/87666 TI - Time-dependent effects of corticosteroids on human amygdala processing EP - 12732 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 38 SP - 12725 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 30 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3112-10.2010 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/87666/87666.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Henckens, M.J.A.G. AU - Wingen, G.A. van AU - Joëls, M. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/87667 AB - Acute stress is associated with a sensitized amygdala. Corticosteroids, released in response to stress, are suggested to restore homeostasis by normalizing/desensitizing brain processing in the aftermath of stress. Here, we investigated the effects of corticosteroids on amygdala processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Since corticosteroids exert rapid nongenomic and slow genomic effects, we administered hydrocortisone either 75 min (rapid effects) or 285 min (slow effects) before scanning in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Seventy-two healthy males were scanned while viewing faces morphing from a neutral facial expression into fearful or happy expressions. Imaging results revealed that hydrocortisone desensitizes amygdala responsivity rapidly, while it selectively normalizes responses to negative stimuli slowly. Psychophysiological interaction analyses suggested that this slow normalization is related to an altered coupling of the amygdala with the medial prefrontal cortex. These results reveal a temporarily fine-tuned mechanism that is critical for avoiding amygdala overshoot during stress and enabling adequate recovery thereafter. TI - Time-dependent effects of corticosteroids on human amygdala processing. EP - 12732 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 38 SP - 12725 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 30 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3112-10.2010 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/87667/87667.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vinck, M. AU - Lima, B. AU - Womelsdorf, T. AU - Oostenveld, R. AU - Singer, W. AU - Neuenschwander, S. AU - Fries, P. PY - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/83334 TI - Gamma-phase shifting in awake monkey visual cortex EP - 1257 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 4 SP - 1250 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 30 PS - 8 p. DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1623-09.2010 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/83334/83334.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vinck, M. AU - Lima, B. AU - Womelsdorf, T. AU - Oostenveld, R. AU - Singer, W. AU - Neuenschwander, S. AU - Fries, P. PY - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/83330 AB - Gamma-band synchronization is abundant in nervous systems. Typically, the strength or precision of gamma-band synchronization is studied. However, the precise phase with which individual neurons are synchronized to the gamma-band rhythm might have interesting consequences for their impact on further processing and for spike timing-dependent plasticity. Therefore, we investigated whether the spike times of individual neurons shift systematically in the gamma cycle as a function of the neuronal activation strength. We found that stronger neuronal activation leads to spikes earlier in the gamma cycle, i.e., we observed gamma-phase shifting. Gamma-phase shifting occurred on very rapid timescales. It was particularly pronounced for periods in which gamma-band synchronization was relatively weak and for neurons that were only weakly coupled to the gamma rhythm. We suggest that gamma-phase shifting is brought about by an interplay between overall excitation and gamma-rhythmic synaptic input and has interesting consequences for neuronal coding, competition, and plasticity. TI - Gamma-phase shifting in awake monkey visual cortex EP - 1257 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 4 SP - 1250 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 30 PS - 8 p. DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1623-09.2010 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/83330/83330.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ouden, H.E.M. den AU - Daunizeau, J. AU - Roiser, J. AU - Friston, K.J. AU - Stephan, K.E. PY - 2010 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/89136 AB - Both perceptual inference and motor responses are shaped by learned probabilities. For example, stimulus-induced responses in sensory cortices and preparatory activity in premotor cortex reflect how (un)expected a stimulus is. This is in accordance with predictive coding accounts of brain function, which posit a fundamental role of prediction errors for learning and adaptive behavior. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and recent advances in computational modeling to investigate how (failures of) learned predictions about visual stimuli influence subsequent motor responses. Healthy volunteers discriminated visual stimuli that were differentially predicted by auditory cues. Critically, the predictive strengths of cues varied over time, requiring subjects to continuously update estimates of stimulus probabilities. This online inference, modeled using a hierarchical Bayesian learner, was reflected behaviorally: speed and accuracy of motor responses increased significantly with predictability of the stimuli. We used nonlinear dynamic causal modeling to demonstrate that striatal prediction errors are used to tune functional coupling in cortical networks during learning. Specifically, the degree of striatal trial-by-trial prediction error activity controls the efficacy of visuomotor connections and thus the influence of surprising stimuli on premotor activity. This finding substantially advances our understanding of striatal function and provides direct empirical evidence for formal learning theories that posit a central role for prediction error-dependent plasticity. TI - Striatal prediction error modulates cortical coupling. EP - 3219 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 9 SP - 3210 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 30 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4458-09.2010 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/89136/89136.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Helmich, R.C.G. AU - Aarts, E. AU - Lange, F.P. de AU - Bloem, B.R. AU - Toni, I. PY - 2009 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/80237 AB - It is well known that the basal ganglia are involved in switching between movement sequences. Here we test the hypothesis that this contribution is an instance of a more general role of the basal ganglia in selecting actions that deviate from the context defined by the recent motor history, even when there is no sequential structure to learn or implement. We investigated the effect of striatal dopamine depletion [in Parkinson's disease (PD)] on the ability to switch between independent action plans. PD patients with markedly lateralized signs performed a hand laterality judgment task that involved action selection of their most and least affected hand. Trials where patients selected the same (repeat) or the alternative (switch) hand as in a previous trial were compared, and this was done separately for the most and least affected hand. Behaviorally, PD patients showed switch-costs that were specific to the most affected hand and that increased with disease severity. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed that this behavioral effect was related to the state of the frontostriatal system: as disease severity increased, contributions of the basal ganglia to the selection process and their effective connectivity with the medial frontal cortex (MFC) decreased, whereas involvement of the MFC increased. We conclude that the basal ganglia are important for rapidly switching toward novel motor plans even when there is no sequential structure to learn or implement. The enhanced MFC activity may result either from reduced focusing abilities of the basal ganglia or from compensatory processes. TI - Increased dependence of action selection on recent motor history in Parkinson's disease. EP - 6113 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 19 SP - 6105 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 29 DO - http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0704-09.2009 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/80237/80237.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Takashima, A. AU - Nieuwenhuis, I.L.C. AU - Jensen, O. AU - Talamini, L.M. AU - Rijpkema, M.J.P. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2009 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/81533 AB - The standard model of system-level consolidation posits that the hippocampus is part of a retrieval network for recent memories. According to this theory, the memories are gradually transferred to neocortical circuits with consolidation, where the connections within this circuit grow stronger and reorganized so that redundant and/or contextual details may be lost. Thus, remote memories are based on neocortical networks and can be retrieved independently of the hippocampus. To test this model, we measured regional brain activity and connectivity during retrieval with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects were trained on two sets of face-location association and were tested with two different delays, 15 min and 24 h including a whole night of sleep. We hypothesized that memory traces of the locations associated with specific faces will be linked through the hippocampus for the retrieval of recently learned association, but with consolidation, the activity and the functional connectivity between the neocortical areas will increase. We show that posterior hippocampal activity related to high-confidence retrieval decreased and neocortical activity increased with consolidation. Moreover, the connectivity between the hippocampus and the neocortical regions decreased and in turn, cortico-cortical connectivity between the representational areas increased. The results provide mechanistic support for a two-level process of the declarative memory system, involving initial representation of new associations in a network including the hippocampus and subsequent consolidation into a predominantly neocortical network. TI - Shift from hippocampal to neocortical centered retrieval network with consolidation. EP - 10093 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 32 SP - 10087 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 29 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0799-09.2009 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/81533/81533.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Henckens, M.J.A.G. AU - Hermans, E.J. AU - Pu, Z. AU - Joëls, M. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2009 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/81492 AB - Stressful, aversive events are extremely well remembered. Such a declarative memory enhancement is evidently beneficial for survival, but the same mechanism may become maladaptive and culminate in mental diseases such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress hormones are known to enhance postlearning consolidation of aversive memories but are also thought to have immediate effects on attentional, sensory, and mnemonic processes at memory formation. Despite their significance for our understanding of the etiology of stress-related mental disorders, effects of acute stress at memory formation, and their brain correlates at the system scale, remain elusive. Using an integrated experimental approach, we probed the neural correlates of memory formation while participants underwent a controlled stress induction procedure in a crossover design. Physiological (cortisol level, heart rate, and pupil dilation) and subjective measures confirmed acute stress. Remarkably, reduced hippocampal activation during encoding predicted stress-enhanced memory performance, both within and between participants. Stress, moreover, amplified early visual and inferior temporal responses, suggesting that hypervigilant processing goes along with enhanced inferior temporal information reduction to relay a higher proportion of task-relevant information to the hippocampus. Thus, acute stress affects neural correlates of memory formation in an unexpected manner, the understanding of which may elucidate mechanisms underlying psychological trauma etiology. TI - Stressed memories: how acute stress affects memory formation in humans. EP - 10119 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 32 SP - 10111 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 29 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1184-09.2009 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/81492/81492.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Werf, J. van der AU - Jensen, O. AU - Fries, P. AU - Medendorp, W.P. PY - 2008 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/70212 AB - Although it is well established that parietal cortex is important in processing sensorimotor transformations, less is known about the neuronal dynamics of this process in humans. Using magnetoencephalography, we investigated the dynamics of parietal oscillatory activity during saccade planning in terms of sensory and motor goal processing. In the experiments, a peripheral stimulus was flashed in either the left or right hemifield, followed by a 1.5 s delay period, after which the subject executed a saccade toward (prosaccade) or away from (antisaccade) the stimulus. In response to stimulus presentation, we observed an initial increase in gamma-band power (40-120 Hz) in a region in the posterior parietal cortex contralateral to the direction of the stimulus. This lateralized power enhancement, which was sustained in a more narrow frequency band (85-105 Hz) during the delay period of prosaccades, mapped to the hemisphere contralateral to the direction of the saccade goal during the delay period of antisaccades. These results suggest that neuronal gamma-band synchronization in parietal cortex represents the planned direction of the saccade, not the memorized stimulus location. In the lower-frequency bands, we observed sustained contralateral alpha (7-13 Hz) power suppression after stimulus presentation in parieto-occipital regions. The dynamics of the alpha band was strongly related to the processing of the stimulus and showed only modest selectivity for the goal of the saccade. We conclude that parietal gamma-band synchronization reflects a mechanism to encode the motor goals in the visuomotor processing for saccades. TI - Gamma-band activity in human posterior parietal cortex encodes the motor goal during delayed prosaccades and antisaccades. EP - 8405 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 34 SP - 8397 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 28 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0630-08.2008 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/70212/70212.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fries, P. AU - Womelsdorf, T. AU - Oostenveld, R. AU - Desimone, R. PY - 2008 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/70766 AB - Selective attention lends relevant sensory input priority access to higher-level brain areas and ultimately to behavior. Recent studies have suggested that those neurons in visual areas that are activated by an attended stimulus engage in enhanced gamma-band (30-70 Hz) synchronization compared with neurons activated by a distracter. Such precise synchronization could enhance the postsynaptic impact of cells carrying behaviorally relevant information. Previous studies have used the local field potential (LFP) power spectrum or spike-LFP coherence (SFC) to indirectly estimate spike synchronization. Here, we directly demonstrate zero-phase gamma-band coherence among spike trains of V4 neurons. This synchronization was particularly evident during visual stimulation and enhanced by selective attention, thus confirming the pattern inferred from LFP power and SFC. We therefore investigated the time course of LFP gamma-band power and found rapid dynamics consistent with interactions of top-down spatial and feature attention with bottom-up saliency. In addition to the modulation of synchronization during visual stimulation, selective attention significantly changed the prestimulus pattern of synchronization. Attention inside the receptive field of the recorded neuronal population enhanced gamma-band synchronization and strongly reduced alpha-band (9-11 Hz) synchronization in the prestimulus period. These results lend further support for a functional role of rhythmic neuronal synchronization in attentional stimulus selection. TI - The effects of visual stimulation and selective visual attention on rhythmic neuronal synchronization in macaque area V4. EP - 4835 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 18 SP - 4823 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 28 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4499-07.2008 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/70766/70766.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dijk, H.P. van AU - Schoffelen, J.M. AU - Oostenveld, R. AU - Jensen, O. PY - 2008 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/115454 TI - Pre-stimulus oscillatory activity in the alpha band predicts visual discrimination ability EP - 1823 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 8 SP - 1816 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 28MEG DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1853-07.2008 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/115454/115454.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Aarts, E. AU - Roelofs, A.P.A. AU - Turennout, M.I. van PY - 2008 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/69833 AB - Previous studies have found no agreement on whether anticipatory activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) reflects upcoming conflict, error likelihood, or actual control adjustments. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the nature of preparatory activity in the ACC. Informative cues told the participants whether an upcoming target would or would not involve conflict in a Stroop-like task. Uninformative cues provided no such information. Behavioral responses were faster after informative than after uninformative cues, indicating cue-based adjustments in control. ACC activity was larger after informative than uninformative cues, as would be expected if the ACC is involved in anticipatory control. Importantly, this activation in the ACC was observed for informative cues even when the information conveyed by the cue was that the upcoming target evokes no response conflict and has low error likelihood. This finding demonstrates that the ACC is involved in anticipatory control processes independent of upcoming response conflict or error likelihood. Moreover, the response of the ACC to the target stimuli was critically dependent on whether the cue was informative or not. ACC activity differed among target conditions after uninformative cues only, indicating ACC involvement in actual control adjustments. Together, these findings argue strongly for a role of the ACC in anticipatory control independent of anticipated conflict and error likelihood, and also show that such control can eliminate conflict-related ACC activity during target processing. Models of frontal cortex conflict-detection and conflict-resolution mechanisms require modification to include consideration of these anticipatory control properties of the ACC. TI - Anticipatory activity in anterior cingulate cortex can be independent of conflict and error likelihood. EP - 4678 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 18 SP - 4671 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 28 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4400-07.2008 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/69833/69833.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wingen, G.A. van AU - Broekhoven, F. van AU - Verkes, R.J. AU - Petersson, K.M. AU - Backstrom, T. AU - Buitelaar, J.K. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2007 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/52610 AB - Progesterone, or rather its neuroactive metabolite allopregnanolone, modulates amygdala activity and thereby influences anxiety. Cognition and, in particular, memory are also altered by allopregnanolone. In the present study, we investigated whether allopregnanolone modulates memory for biologically salient stimuli by influencing amygdala activity, which in turn may affect neural processes in other brain regions. A single progesterone dose was administered orally to healthy young women in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, and participants were asked to memorize and recognize faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Progesterone decreased recognition accuracy without affecting reaction times. The imaging results show that the amygdala, hippocampus, and fusiform gyrus supported memory formation. Importantly, progesterone decreased responses to faces in the amygdala and fusiform gyrus during memory encoding, whereas it increased hippocampal responses. The progesterone-induced decrease in neural activity in the amygdala and fusiform gyrus predicted the decrease in memory performance across subjects. However, progesterone did not modulate the differential activation between subsequently remembered and subsequently forgotten faces in these areas. A similar pattern of results was observed in the fusiform gyrus and prefrontal cortex during memory retrieval. These results suggest that allopregnanolone impairs memory by reducing the recruitment of those brain regions that support memory formation and retrieval. Given the important role of the amygdala in the modulation of memory, these results suggest that allopregnanolone alters memory by influencing amygdala activity, which in turn may affect memory processes in other brain regions. TI - How progesterone impairs memory for biologically salient stimuli in healthy young women. EP - 11423 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 42 SP - 11416 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 27 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1715-07.2007 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/52610/52610.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wingen, G.A. van AU - Broekhoven, F. van AU - Verkes, R.J. AU - Petersson, K.M. AU - Bäckström, T. AU - Buitelaar, J.K. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. PY - 2007 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/115413 TI - How progesterone impairs memory for biologically salient stimuli in healthy young women EP - 11423 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 42 SP - 11416 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 27 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1715-07.2007 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/115413/115413.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Osipova, D. AU - Takashima, A. AU - Oostenveld, R. AU - Fernandez, G.S.E. AU - Maris, E.G.G. AU - Jensen, O. PY - 2006 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/50207 AB - Although studies in animals and patients have demonstrated that brain oscillations play a role in declarative memory encoding and retrieval, little has been done to investigate the temporal dynamics and sources of brain activity in healthy human subjects performing such tasks. In a magnetoencephalography study using pictorial stimuli, we have now identified oscillatory activity in the gamma (60-90 Hz) and theta (4.5-8.5 Hz) band during declarative memory operations in healthy participants. Both theta and gamma activity was stronger for the later remembered compared with the later forgotten items (the "subsequent memory effect"). In the retrieval session, theta and gamma activity was stronger for recognized items compared with correctly rejected new items (the "old/new effect"). The gamma activity was also stronger for recognized compared with forgotten old items (the "recognition effect"). The effects in the theta band were observed over right parietotemporal areas, whereas the sources of the effects in the gamma band were identified in Brodmann area 18/19. We propose that the theta activity is directly engaged in mnemonic operations. The increase in neuronal synchronization in the gamma band in occipital areas may result in a stronger drive to subsequent areas, thus facilitating both memory encoding and retrieval. Alternatively, the gamma synchronization might reflect representations being reinforced by top-down activity from higher-level memory areas. Our results provide additional insight on human declarative memory operations and oscillatory brain activity that complements previous electrophysiological and brain imaging studies. TI - Theta and gamma oscillations predict encoding and retrieval of declarative memory. EP - 7531 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 28 SP - 7523 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 26 DO - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1948-06.2006 L1 - https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/50207/50207.pdf?sequence=1 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Medendorp, W.P. AU - Smith, M.A. AU - Tweed, D.B. AU - Crawford, J.D. PY - 2002 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/2066/197383 TI - Rotational remapping in human spatial memory during eye and head motion EP - 4 SN - 0270-6474 IS - iss. 1 (RC 196) SP - 1 JF - The Journal of Neuroscience VL - vol. 22 ER -